TECHNOLOGY HUB
Networks
LAN
A local area network is a small network that’s confined to a local area. For example, your home network or an office network is a LAN.
WAN
A wide area network is a larger network that covers a wider area. Your ISP provides you with a connection to their own WAN, which connects to the Internet.
IP Address
An Internet Protocol address, or IP address, is a numerical address that corresponds to your computer on a network. When a computer wants to connect to another computer, it connects to that computer’s IP address
IPv4 and IPv6
There are two types of IP address in common use. Older IPv4 (IP version 4) addresses are the most common, followed by newer IPv6 (IP version 6) addresses. IPv6 is necessary because we just don’t have enough IPv4 addresses for all the people and devices in the world.
Router
A router is a device connected to at least two networks that determines the next network point to forward a packet to. The decision of which way to send each information packet is based on it’s current understanding of the networks that it is connected to.
Gateway
A gateway is a device that routes traffic between networks. For example, at home, your router is your gateway. It provides a “gateway” between your LAN and WAN.
NAT
Network Address Translation, or NAT, is used by routers to share a single IP address among many devices. For example, you probably have a wireless router at home that creates a Wi-Fi network your laptops, smartphones, tablets, and other devices connect to. Your ISP provides you with a single IP address that’s reachable from anywhere on the Internet, sometimes called a public IP address. Your router creates a LAN and assigns local IP addresses to your devices. The router then functions as a gateway. To devices outside your LAN, it appears as if you have one device (the router) using a single IP address.
DHCP
The dynamic host configuration protocol allows computers to automatically request and be assigned IP addresses and other network settings. For example, when IP device connects to a network, your device asks the router for an IP address using DHCP and the router assigns an IP address.
Hostnames
A hostname is a human-readable label that points to a device connected to a network. For example, on your home network, your Windows computer’s hostname may be WINDOWSPC. Your other devices can connect to WINDOWSPC and will be pointed at that computer’s local IP address.
Domain Name
Domain names are the base part of website names. Like google.co.uk or nivacom.co.uk. Note that domain names are just another type of hostname.
DNS
The domain name system is how computers convert human-readable domain names and hostnames to numerical IP addresses. When you type nivacom.co.uk into your web browser’s address bar, your computer contacts its DNS server and the DNS server replies with the numerical IP address, which is what your computer connects to. You’re likely using your ISP’s DNS servers by default, but you can use third-party DNS servers if you prefer.
Ethernet
Ethernet is the standard wired network technology in use almost everywhere today. If yourcomputer is connected to a network via a cable, it’s likely using an Ethernet cable. That cable plugs into an Ethernet port on your computer.
Network Interface / Network Adapter
Your computer’s wired Ethernet connection and Wi-Fi connection are basically both network interfaces. If your laptop was connected to both a wired connection and a Wi-Fi network, each network interface would have its own IP address. Each is a different connection. Network interfaces can also be implemented entirely in software, so they don’t always directly correspond to hardware devices.
localhost
The hostname “localhost” always corresponds to the device you’re using. This uses the loopback network interface – a network interface implemented in software – to connect directly to your own PC. localhost actually points to the IPv4 address 127.0.0.1 or the IPv6 address ::1 . Each always corresponds to the current device.
MAC Address
Each network interface has a media access control address, or MAC address – also known as a physical address. This is a unique identifier designed to identify different computers on a network. MAC addresses are usually assigned when a manufacturer creates a network device. For example, when you visit an airport and use 30 minutes of free Wi-Fi before being kicked off and refused access to further Wi-FI without paying, the airport’s Wi-Fi network has likely noted your device’s MAC address and is using it to track your PC and prevent you from taking advantage of more free time. MAC addresses could also be used to assign static IP addresses to specific devices, so they’d always get the same IP address when they connected to a router with DHCP.
Port
When an application wants to send or receive traffic, it has to use a numbered port between 1 and 65535. This is how you can have multiple applications on a computer using the network and each application knows which traffic is for it. Standard HTTP uses port 80, so when you’re connecting to http://howtogeek.com, you’re really making an HTTP connection to port 80 on howtogeek.com. The web server software on howtogeek.com is listening to traffic arriving on port 80. You could attempt to connect on port 81 by plugging http://howtogeek.com:81/ into your web browser, but you wouldn’t get a response because the web server software isn’t listening on port 81.
Protocol – TCP, UDP, SIP, ICMP, etc.
Protocols are different ways of communicating over the Internet. TCP and UDP are the most common protocols. The ICMP protocol is also used, but primarily so network devices can check each other’s status. Different protocols are ideal for different types of communication.
Packet
A packet is a unit of data sent between devices. When you load a web page, your computer sends packets to the server requesting the web page and the server responds with many different packets of its own, which your computer stitches together to form the web page. The packet is the basic unit of data that computers on a network exchange.
Firewall
A firewall is a piece of software or hardware that blocks certain types of traffic. For example, a
firewall could block incoming traffic on a certain port or block all incoming traffic except traffic coming from a specific IP address.
HTTP
The hypertext transfer protocol is the standard protocol modern web browsers and the web itself uses.
URL
A uniform resource locator, or URL, is also known as a web address. The current URL is displayed in your web browser’s address bar. For example, http://howtogeek.com/article is an URL that tells your computer to use the hypertext transfer protocol HTTP to connect to the server at howtogeek.com and ask for the file named article in the root directory. (The computer contacts its DNS server to find the IP address howtogeek.com is associated with and connects using the TCP protocol on port 80.)
PoE Switch.
These devices do two things. a) Provide power to the phones (PoE = Power over Ethernet) which saves on lots of untidy power adapters strewn around the office. b) Act as a central hub for all the phones to connect to, which then connect to the VoIP gateway. Available in 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 ports
Equipment cabinet
Server racks / Equipment cabinet is used to store network equipment including the patch panel. They come in a number of widths, and a standardised height measurement referred to as “U”. 1 U is the height of most equipment that would fit into the cabinet. Cabinets come up to sizes of 42 U (would fit 42 1U servers). Cabinets can be wall mounted; enclosed free standing, and with cooling options.
Patch Panel / Cat 5/6 cable
Patch panels are most commonly found in Ethernet networks, making Cat5 patch panels and Cat6 patch panels the most common, but patch panels can be used in many other applications. For data networks, normally a Ethernet wall socket will be terminating on a patch panel, allowing it to be connected to other points (normally Ethernet switches) as required
